| The A-not-B error: Results from a logistic meta-analysis |
1999 |
1296 |
A meta-analysis of the A-not-B error was conducted using logistic regression on studies conducted before September 1997 (107 data points). An earlier meta-analysis by Wellman, Cross, and Bartsch revealed that age, delay between hiding and retrieval, ... |
| The development of executive function in early childhood |
2003 |
8590 |
According to the Cognitive Complexity and Control (CCC) theory, the development of executive function can be understood in terms of age-related increases in the maximum complexity of the rules children can formulate and use when solving problems. Thi... |
| The effect of number of A trials on performance on the A-not-B task |
2002 |
400 |
The A-not-B error (Piaget, 1954), which occurs when infants search perseveratively on reversal trials in a delayed-response task, is one of the most widely studied phenomena in developmental psychology. Nonetheless, the effect of A-trial experience o... |
| A hierarchical competing systems model of the emergence and early development of executive function |
2009 |
317 |
The hierarchical competing systems model (HCSM) provides a framework for understanding the emergence and early development of executive function – the cognitive processes underlying the conscious control of behavior – in the context of search for hid... |
| The influence of number of A trials on 2-years-old’s behavior in Two A-Not-B-Type search tasks: A test of the hierarchical competing systems model |
2006 |
279 |
Age-appropriate modifications of the A-not-B task were used to examine 2-year-olds’ search behavior. Several theories predict that A-not-B errors will in-crease as a function of number of A trials. However, the hierarchical competing systems model (M... |
| Moderate Vagal Withdrawal in 3.5-Year-Old Children is Associated with Optimal Performance on Executive Function Tasks |
2010 |
109 |
Vagal tone (measured via respiratory sinus arrhythmia, RSA) and vagal withdrawal (measured by decreases in RSA) have been identified as physiological measures of self-regulation, but little is known how they may relate to the regulation of cognitive ... |
| Perception of audiovisual rhythm and its invariance in 4- to 10-month-old infants |
2006 |
308 |
This study investigated the perception of complex audiovisual rhythmic patterns in 4-, 6-, 8-, and 10-month-old human infants. In Experiment 1, we first habituated infants to an event in which an object could be seen and heard bouncing in a rhythmic ... |
| Self-Reflection and the Cognitive Control of Behavior: Implications for Learning |
2008 |
722 |
In this article, we suggest that self-reflection and self-control--studied under the rubric of "executive function" (EF)—have the potential to transform the way in which learning occurs, allowing for the relatively rapid emergence of new behaviors. W... |
| Sequence learning in infancy: The independent contributions of conditional probability and pair frequency information |
2009 |
303 |
The ability to perceive sequences is fundamental to cognition. Previous studies have shown that infants can learn visual sequences as early as 2 months of age and it has been suggested that this ability is mediated by sensitivity to conditional proba... |
| Toddlers Benefit from Labeling on an Executive Function Search Task |
2011 |
115 |
Although labeling improves executive function (EF) performance in children older than 3 (e.g., Kirkham, Cruess, & Diamond, 2003), the results from studies with younger children have been equivocal (e.g., Sophian & Wellman, 1983). In the present study... |
| U-shaped functions: Artifact or hallmark of development? |
2004 |
201 |
States that the articles in this collection consider one very interesting puzzle of development: U-shaped developmental functions. At some point during development, an organism might exhibit what seems like a regression from its expected developmenta... |
| Use it or lose it: Examining preschoolers’ difficulty in maintaining and executing a goal |
2007 |
447 |
Individuals with low working memory capacity (e.g. preschoolers) are more prone to goal neglect, or a failure to execute a goal even though it is understood. We examined the role of goal neglect in performance on the Dimensional Change Card Sort by i... |